The Origins and Specificity of Parasites free essay sample

This paper discusses the origins of life and the role that parasites play in its continuity. This paper examines the origins of parasites, their relationship to their host and how they have evolved in tandem with many other organisms. The paper seeks to answer several questions including why parasites live where they do and how the origins of evolution affect different parasites, specifically RNA and what role protozoans play in the life of parasites. The paper also discusses the process of Co-evolution and the effect that a parasites long-term residence has on the body of different species, including humans. However, it is once an organism has taken up residence inside another organism, that a second and crucial process comes into play. This is the process of Co-evolution. Co-evolution is based relatively simply on the fact that Evolution is a non-stop process. All species are continually changing and developing. Genetic mutations, errors in the copying of DNA and RNA, lead to minute, or even at times, dramatic changes that might be either beneficial or maladaptive. We will write a custom essay sample on The Origins and Specificity of Parasites or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the normal course of things the maladaptive forms will die out, while the successful adaptations will survive as a result of those organisms that possess them living on to reproduce. The same process of evolution is at work both in host and parasite. As the host itself changes, the environment inside it changes as well. Subtle differences in conditions might mean death a microorganism living inside the body of another animal.

Creon and The Four Greek Concepts

Creon and The Four Greek Concepts Free Online Research Papers Sophocles was born in Colonus, Greece and was considered one of the most successful poets of all time. He wrote one hundred and twenty three prize winning plays and acted in a number of them; He stopped acting due to his loss of voice which forced him to choose other men to play all parts in the play, since women were not allowed to act. In the play Antigone, written in 441 B.C., he used Greek concepts such as arà ªte, hubris, ate and nemesis to exemplify Creon’s personality. Without the use of these four Greek concepts, the play would not have been as strong and would have lost a lot of detail that helps us feel connected to the play and not see the heroine in the character. Creon was a man of power, a man of excellence and that was probably the main reason Sophocles included the theory of arà ªte in the play. Arà ªte is described as a particular type of excellence usually when speaking of a hero. One reason why Creon can be considered a type of excellence is simply due to the fact that he is the king of Thebes. After the sons of Oedipus, Eteocles and Polynices kill one another in combat, he was crowned the king. â€Å"The two of us were robbed our brothers.† (Line 17) Another reason he is portrayed of having excellence is because people are afraid to speak out or disobey him. He is made everyone live in fear and has brainwashed the people of Thebes into believing that he is always right and no one may disagree. In this quote, said by Ismene, it proves the fact that she lives in fear of the king; â€Å"What? You’d bury him-when a law forbids the city?† (Line 52) â€Å"I’d do them no dishonor†¦but defy the city? I have no strength for that.† (Line 94) Both points made prove that Creon has a particular excellence about him that is shown throughout the play. When Creon was crowned king, power was an aspect expected with the title, but with power comes pride. Hubris, which is defined as having and excessive degree of pride, and is shown throughout the play. One part in the play that shows hubris is when the blind profit comes to give advice and Creon is open ears until he starts to hear what he does not expect and then turns hostile quoting, â€Å" This slander of yoursare you aware you are speaking to the king?† (Line 1172) Showing that his pride allows him to believe he is right no matter what. The main conflict in the play, which was Creons choice to not bury Polynices, shows the king’s pride of choosing to make whatever decisions he pleases. Creon argues his reasoning for the refusal of the burial by saying, â€Å"Tell me, was it for meritorious service they proceeded to bury him, prized him so? The hero who came to burn their temples ringed with pillars, their golden treasures-scorch their hallowed earth and flings the ir laws to the winds. This angers Antigone which leads to the climax of the play. The third concept is known as ate which is when one acts with blind recklessness. The most obvious form of this is when he chooses to put Antigone to death due to her actions of burying her brother. She remains strong and fearless as he orders to the guards â€Å"Take her away, quickly! Wall her up in the tomb, you have orders. Abandon her there, alone, and let her choosedeath or a buried life with a good roof for shelter.† This shows his rash decisions that are parallel with his acts of blind recklessness. The last and most devastating of all the concepts presented in the poem was nemesis, which is known as a disastrous retribution. The tragedy happens because Creons son, Haemon, was planned to marry Antigone and when she was sentenced to death he chose to take his own life. The messenger delivered the message of â€Å"Haemon’s gone, his blood spilled by the very hand.† This endured him in immense pain and showed how his selfish ways came around to affect him in the end. I would classify Creon based on his style and characteristic as a typical ruler for this period. He proved to show all concepts of the Greek literature of arà ªte, hubris, ate, and nemesis throughout the play which is emblematic when describing someone with power or heroic aspects. Creon made choices based on excellence, pride, recklessness and retribution that were not, in my opinion, worth the price of being king. Research Papers on Creon and The Four Greek ConceptsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Capital Punishment Research

The use of capital punishment, frequently known as the death penalty, is highly controversial in some countries. Although laws vary between different countries as to what crimes may warrant capital punishment, the crimes for which it is most commonly used are murder and drug-related offenses. The death penalty is the execution of a person for a crime (typically murder). The death penalty is not used in many countries including all European countries, Australia, and New Zealand. In the US 35 of the 50 states allow the death penalty. Popular opinion In the United States of America, the use of capital punishment is generally accepted, with 78 percent of the Republican Party and 52 percent the Democratic Party in support of its use for the crime of murder. The Constitution Party is in support of the death penalty, and the Green Party is opposed to its use. Worldwide, there is little consensus. Capital punishment is abolished in Europe, except for Belarus, which regularly practices it, and Latvia, which retains it for crimes committed during wartime. The Council of Europe prohibits any member state from practicing it. Both Turkey and Russia were pressed to abolish capital punishment as a condition for joining. Turkey abolished capital punishment after it was ruled unconstitutional in 2004, while Russia established a moratorium in 1996, which was renewed in 2009 by the Constitutional Court of Russia, pending abolition. There is little opposition to the death penalty in China, Japan, and most Middle Eastern and African countries, where it continues to be practiced. Execution of innocent people Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be convicted. This fact is well supported in the US. Between 1973 and 2005, 123 people in 25 states were released from death row when new evidence of their innocence emerged. However, statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed. Another issue is the quality of the defense in a case where the accused has a public defender. The competence of the defense attorney is a better predictor of whether or not someone will be sentenced to death than the facts of the crime. Also, improper procedure may result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that, in Singapore, the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. However, this refers to a situation when someone is being caught with drugs.

Information Goods and Information Markets Essay

Information Goods and Information Markets - Essay Example According to him, one has to experience at least some amount of an information good before deciding to buy it, because only through experience one can come to know to what extent the commodity is worth buying. According to Coiera (2000), other goods like oranges or batteries do not require these pre-use since people know that they would meet their expectations. Another major characteristic of information goods is that initial production cost of such goods is higher whereas the marginal cost of reproduction is very low. In addition, regardless of the high cost, most of the information products like music, books, sound track, web pages are highly vulnerable to re-production or copying. Another finding of the author regarding information goods is that unlike other goods or services, information is never consumed. For instance, digital information can be copied exactly whereas normal goods cannot be copied this way. Hence, the laws of supply and demand ‘do not easily apply to many information goods’. Finally, unlike other normal goods, information can be easily transmitted across communication networks in bulk at lower costs or for absolutely free of cost. Since information goods are prone to copying, producers must create some form of monopoly in order to ensure profit from producing and selling information goods. ... 117) comments, information goods will be sold for no cost if marginal cost is zero. The market involves numerous other issues as well despite the current copyright laws. Pirates have easy access to various information products illegally as there is no unanimous international regulation in this regard. As Coiera (2000) finds, if free access to information is the goal of a producer, the current feasibility is an advantage whereas if the producer intends to raise revenue from information provided, the advantage turns to be a challenge. Hence, in order for making profits from information goods, one has to create monopoly by acquiring a patent or copyright, although property theft is still likely. The tactic is termed as ‘avoidance’ which mainly involves avoiding the production of ‘information goods that must be traded in such openly competitive environments’. Coiera believes that the avoidance tactic would make considerable amount of delay for the product to rea ch pirates by when the creator would gain revenue. Another tactic which information sellers normally apply is attaching the brand identity to their products or websites so as to help customers to differentiate the original products from the pirated ones. Yet another recent trend in the market is the pay-per-view model. This tactic allows the producer to charge the customer only for particular visit or for getting access to specific information. Selling the particular product bundled with other several products is another technique used by information sellers. The logic is that only a potential buyer would be willing to buy the whole package even at higher costs. Creative pricing and marketing is another useful tactic information producers can try to enhance their revenue. To

Argument...........Church and State should not be separate Essay

Argument...........Church and State should not be separate - Essay Example In the very early years of the American nation, the First Amendment as part of the Bill of Rights was considered to be a wall of separation between the church and the state. Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights in 1791, it was thought to be otherwise, that is, religious freedom means integration of church and state. It was Thomas Jefferson who first expounded that the First Amendment is intended to mean separation and hence as a solid constitutional principle (Hamburger 109). Discussion History is replete with justifications why there was a need for the Church to separate from the State. Prior to the 1800s, perhaps the most valid argument for a separation was their argument for a Church to be pure, that it should not be sullied with worldly affairs of the state. Only a fringe minority of Europeans and Americans saw fit for a separation because it was by then viewed by this small group as a sure way to purify the church beyond what was thought ordinarily to be possible; this gr oup also distrusted the clergy for its abuses (ibid. 21). But the general direction of this short paper will be to argue otherwise, that the Church and the State are better off not separate. In this discussion, I will argue why both are better off joined than being separate which goes against the conventional wisdom held by many for years.

Changing World Lasting Values Essay Example for Free

Changing World Lasting Values Essay You hear many tales nowadays — that the world is absurd, that everything has changed, that old moral values have died. This is all non-sense, for if you look for reality beneath the clutter of words which hide it, you will rediscover the eternal man. True values were not invented for the pleasure of senile moralists. They exist because without them, neither society nor happiness could survive. Here, then, are a few rules as old as civilization itself which remain true despite the advances of science and technology. The first is that man must live for something other than himself. The man who meditates ceaselessly about himself finds a thousand reasons to be unhappy. He has notaccomplished everything he wanted to or should have done; he has not gotten everything he thought he deserved; he has not been loved as he dreamed of being loved- But if he lives for ideals outside of himself — for his faith or his country, for his friends, his wife and family, he miraculously forgets all his petty worries. In trying to make others happy, he also makes himself happy. The veritable inner world is the veritable outer world. The second rule is that man must act. The joy of the soul is inaction. Instead of lamenting the absurdity of the world, let us try to transform our own little corner. It is not impossible. We cannot change the whole universe, but who hopes to do that? Our objective is much more simple: to do our job and do it well, to become a master at it. Each one works in his own field. I write books, the carpenter assembles my bookshelves, the policeman directs traffic, the engineer, constructs, the minister governs. All of them, kept busy at work which they know how to do well, are happy. This is so true that when people have leisure time, they keep busy with apparently useless activities such as games and sports. As for useful action, we know from experience that it is effective: an active mayor makes a city prosperous; an active priest brings vitality to a parish. Happy are those in whose eyes men look for order. The third rule is that one must believe in the power of the will. It is not true that the future is predetermined- A great man can change the course of history. Any man who has the courage and the will can change his own future. Naturally, none of us is all- powerful. Each mans freedom has its limits. Freedom lies between the border of the possible and the will. It is beyond my power to prevent war, but I can perform an act which, multiplied by millions, will be effective. It is not possible for me to win a battle, but it is up to me to be a courageous soldier. Since this limitation of the will is dependent on what one dares, one must not worry about his limitation; but do the best he can. Finally, the fourth, and most precious of all values, is faithfulness, Faithfulness to promises, contracts, to others, and to oneself. One must be among those who can be counted upon. Faithfulness is not an easy virtue. Thousand of temptations are thrown across our paths. Faithfulness in marriage, said Bernard Shaw, is no more natural to man than the cage to the tiger. Undoubtedly, faithfulness is natural. It is born of a voluntary decision, constantly renewed, which helps us to rise above our natures. But it gives us the lasting joy of being at peace with ourselves. I may forego an immediate pleasure to assure myself the great joy in the future of looking at my past without shame, but with pride. Every society in which citizens live for naught but fleeting pleasures, where men no longer trust each other, and whose members let themselves go is doomed. When Rome let go and ceased to set store by the values which made her great, she perished. When France clung to eternal values she was saved. Modern technology may change ones modes of action, but they change neither its values, the reasons for it, nor the duty of faithfulness. Thus it was in the beginning and so it will always be.

Brave New World: Out of Control Essay -- Brave New World

Brave New World: Out of Control In the 1932 satirical novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley describes an emotionless, mechanized world of the future, set mostly in London, in which individuality is eliminated, creativity is stifled, and such institutions as marriage, family, and church are unpleasant artifacts of a world long gone. In this society, people are mass-produced; human eggs are artificially engineered by technicians. Happiness is achieved through physical gratification and peace is safeguarded by the conditioning of youth and by dispensing soma, a tranquilizer. Bernard Marx is the main character and his unorthodox viewpoints and physical difference from the rest of his caste makes him as an outsider. Bernard and Lenina, his present "girlfriend", receive permission to visit a Savage Reservation in New Mexico. They return to "civilization" with a savage, John. There he struggles to understand this so-called utopia and is eventually driven to suicide while Bernard is exiled to an island for his unconventiona l beliefs. Bernard Marx's bitter nonconformity comes from his resentment towards the state and its citizens. Dark and small when he should be fair and tall like the Alpha-plus he is mentally, he is a social outcast. He is essentially an opportunist who just wants to be accepted, just wants "no more talk of the alcohol in his blood-surrogate, no gibes at his physical appearance"(156). Nevertheless, Bernard is the perfect character through which to highlight the utopia's moral values or the lack thereof. In Brave New World, Bernard fights against a society that devalues his individuality and thereby lessens his sense of identity and self worth. From birt... ...n't want change. Every change is a menace to stability"(224-5). The idea of keeping an individual preoccupied with meaningless or unnecessary tasks so that he might never question his own individuality is an important one and forms the base on which their society is built. When Bernard criticized this social order in his report to Mond on the Savage, the World Controller vowed "to give him a lesson"(159), which he ultimately did. Huxley attempts to unsettle the reader's uncritical faith in progress and technology. The novel is a fantasy of order and technology and in it he warns us that if we don't solve problems such as overpopulation and overconsumption ourselves now, a police state will do it for us. Without being able to balance progress and human need, and unable to control our own technology, we may be forced to give up more than we imagine.