Artificial Intelligence ( Ai ) Is Intelligence Offered By...

Artificial intelligence In e -commerce What is artificial intelligence : Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence offered by machines. In computer science, an ideal intelligent machine is a flexible rational agent that recognize its environment and takes actions that increase its chance of success at some goal. also, the term artificial intelligence is applied when a machine performs cognitive functions, such as learning and problem solving. SiteZeus is a great example of using AI in developing the business by helping companies to create an intelligence platform. They use big data and machine learning to recommend the ideal retail location for brands, and to help the company to know their customers. Important Statistics about AI in business: 1. According to Bloomberg There was more than $300 million in venture capital invested in AI startups in 2014, a 300% increase over the year before. 2. According to Gartner by 2020, 85% of buyer interactions will be managed without a human. 3. According to Narrative Science 44% of executives believe artificial intelligence’s most important advantage is â€Å"automated communications that afford data that can be used to make decisions. 4. According to Gartner by the end of 2018, â€Å"customer digital assistants† will recognize customers by face and voice across channels and partners. 5. According to Narrative Science 80% of executives believe artificial intelligence improves worker performance and creates jobs. 6. AccordingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Turing Test1426 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, â€Å"the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men†.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. â€Å"We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. 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Perinatal Depression In Black Women Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Perinatal depression is defined as depression which has either originated during gestation or one twelvemonth station kid birth. [ 1 ] The overall prevalence of perinatal depression is estimated to be 14.5 % per centum of all the gestations in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Perinatal Depression In Black Women Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now [ 2 ] The estimated prevalence of perinatal depression in African American adult females is higher than white adult females. [ 3 ] Perinatal depression is multi factorial. Major hazard factors for perinatal depression are undiagnosed depression in the prenatal period, bing major depressive upset, past history of gestation with post-partum depression. The chief hazard factors hypothesized are low socio-economic position, societal isolation, increased prevalence of confidant spouse force, increased figure of unwanted gestations, increased religionism, cultural factors such as stigma associated with seeking mental wellness services, deficiency of societal support and societal detachment, increased high hazard behaviour such as smoke, alcohol addiction and drug maltreatment during gestation, increased prevalence of HIV/AIDS and self perceived favoritism. Surveies show that African American adult females from interior metropolis countries have GED instruction and a few adult females have a college grade. Unwanted gestation in teenage, deficiency of entree to exigency preventives, and reduced use of abortion services are the causes for higher rates of high school dropouts in these adult females. Food, lodging and occupation insecurities are more frequently seen in adult females from interior metropolis. Odd work hours, deficiency of insurance or under insurance, high strain occupations have inauspicious effects on the wellness of the female parent. Unsafe vicinities and deficiency of supermarkets can restrict the entree to fresh fruits and veggies. Most adult females depend on nutrient casts for their monthly food markets. Low SES Poor Health, Depression Social isolation reported by adult females with perinatal depression. Studies show that most adult females are individual female parents with no fellows or hubbies. Lack of societal support and societal detachment are other societal barriers experienced by these adult females. Lack of cognition on parenting, nutrition, contraceptive method during gestation, services available through plans like Healthy Start, WIC and how to voyage through these systems for wellness attention are the major countries where support services are either losing or non easy available. Many African American adult females are either victims of physical, emotional, sexual or more than one signifier of confidant spouse force. Rape and incest are really normally reported signifiers of sexual maltreatment. Intimate spouse force can ensue in low ego regard and do adult females more prone to depression during gestation. Besides, culprits are more likely to be drug maltreaters and may forcefully expose the adult females to drugs. The unmet demand for exigency preventive in African American adult females is higher than white adult females. The rate of elected abortions in African American adult females is lower than white adult females. The barriers to exigency preventive are cost, deficiency of information about the timing of exigency preventive usage, cultural barriers such as guilt and shame. It is estimated that the prevalence of unwanted gestation in the United States is 50 % . The mean age of maternity in African American adult females is in early 20s versus late 20s and mid 30s for white adult females. Besides of all the uninsured or underinsured female parents, bulk are African American. Surveies suggest that African American adult females prefer psychotherapeutics compared to pharmacotherapy. Black adult females are more likely to go to church than white adult females and they approach spiritual leaders in the church for support. Increased religionism is one of the drive grounds for decreased and less frequent abortions in African American adult females and increased figure of unwanted gestations. Many Orthodox Catholic churches do non approve preventive usage in any signifier and promote abstain merely methods for contraceptive method. Some surveies suggest that using mental wellness is perceived as a societal stigma in African American adult females particularly among Haitians. High hazard behaviours such as smoke and utilizing street drugs during gestation are more prevailing in African American adult females. These adult females are more likely to hold past history of engagement in drug trafficking and many have pending eviction or public-service corporation cuts. It is hard to badger out whether depression caused the usage of drugs or the usage of drugs caused depression. Public Health impact Complications of perinatal depression are placental abnormalcies, self-generated abortions and preeclampsia. Depressed female parents have hapless female parent to child fond regard and chest provender less often. Perinatal depression additions maternal morbidity and decreases overall good being by doing day-to-day life damage. Depressed female parents have increased pre term birth associated with high rates of low births. The babies of down female parents have higher prevalence of perinatal birth complications and more frequent NICU admittances. Some surveies suggest that these babies may confront developmental issues and may non turn to allow percentile for age. As down female parents feed their babies less often, there can be an increased hazard of diarrhoeas due to bottle provenders. Depressed female parent Sick babe Healthy Start Initiative is a federal enterprise to supply mental wellness services for low income African American adult females. hapless referral and usage of mental wellness services Federal degree Including support services for mental wellness Intervention The barriers experienced by the African American adult females can be structural, knowledge based and attitudinal. The structural barriers can run from deficiency of coverage by insurance, inability to pay, inadequate kid attention, transit troubles and distance to go to clinic. The normally seen cognition barriers are deficiency of clip, non cognizing whom to reach, how to put up and assignment, non cognizing what intervention might be the best for oneself. The attitudinal barriers include worrying what others would believe, concerns about effectual aid one can acquire, deficiency of household support for acquiring the intervention and trouble in going motivated to seek intervention. Problem work outing instruction Medicine is impermanent Skills can be used over life clip Negative life events can act upon mental wellness Case directors can play the function of job work outing instruction Administration of BECK trial. Mild to chair depression can be eligible for the job work outing instruction. Severe depression can be provided with engagement interview to assist voyage through mental wellness service Describe job work outing instruction Describe battle interview 0-3-6 Focus groups instance directors, adult females having job work outing instruction, engagement interview Culturally acceptable, more unfastened ended Provides something for everybody Decreases the load on community mental wellness Centres Can better the use of mental wellness services Breast feeding support groups Social support group Policy degree support to develop the instance directors Church based activities Education on contraceptive method Breastfeeding, abortion support groups Weak job work outing accomplishments and life jobs make a individual more prone to depression. There is besides rearward causing, as depression additions, the ability to place and work out job lessenings. Problem work outing accomplishments will authorise the adult females to hold a sense of control on their jobs and utilize them in the hereafter to forestall depression. Problem work outing therapy will assist adult females place their jobs and happen realistic solutions to them. It will besides supply adult females with a systematic problem-solving scheme. A ; acirc ; ˆ?Engagement interview is an individualised, psychosocial intercession, based on an integrating of rules and techniques of ethnographic interviewing ( EI ) and motivational interviewing ( MI ) . A ; acirc ; ˆA? This methodological analysis can turn to cultural barriers experienced by low income adult females and offer a curative scheme to prosecute adult females in mental wellness services. The interview is based on unfastened ended inquiries technique and is delivered over 45 to 60 proceedingss to run into the specific demands of the client. The motivational constituents address working with ambivalency. Ethnographic rules on the other manus aid to research in a non judgmental mode the values and experiences of the clients. Recognitions Rosie Munoz-Lopez Xandra Negron Emily Fineberg Barbara Gottlieb 1. Gaynes BN, G.N. , Meltzer-Brody S, Lohr KN, Swinson T, Gartlehner G, Brody S, and M. WC. , Perinatal depression: prevalence, testing truth, and testing results. Evid Rep Technol Assess ( Summ ) , 2005 Feb. 119: p. 1-8. 2. Sit DK, F.C. , Svidergol D, White J, Wimer M, Bish B, Wisner KL, Best patterns: an emerging best pattern theoretical account for perinatal depression attention. Psychiatr Serv. , 2009 Nov. 60 ( 11 ) : p. 1429-31. 3. O’Mahen, H.A. and H.A. Flynn, Preferences and perceived barriers to intervention for depression during the perinatal period. J Womens Health ( Larchmt ) , 2008. 17 ( 8 ) : p. 1301-9. How to cite Perinatal Depression In Black Women Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Malaysia Response in Financial Crisis 1997 free essay sample

The Response for Malaysia during Financial Crisis in 1997-1998 If we went back to the dark ages of financial crisis in Asia, we should thank our forth prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Bin Mohamad for the decision that he have done. When all of the Asian countries’ face this problem, some countries do response to solve the crisis. The traditional policy response to financial difficulties has been to seek assistance from the IMF for improving the situation. For such assistance the countries in trouble invariably have to undertake economic and financial reforms, impart more transparency to government spending, and make the necessary macroeconomic adjustments. They must initiate measures to revitalize their economic and monetary systems. Thailand and Indonesia took steps to remedy their weaknesses. Korea too joined in. But these countries soon found the crisis beyond their control, and decided to seek assistance from the IMF. Following the IMF conditions for the help, these countries had to implement tight monetary and fiscal policies, and had to enforce the prescribed structural reformations, particularly in the financial sector. The appointment of Tan Sri Nor Mohamed   Yakcop as Finance Minister II brought back to mind the innovative package of policy measures that Malaysia embarked upon in the dark days of the financial crisis of 1997-2000. The then Prime Minster Tun Mahathir Mohamed took the bold political decisions to introduce and enforce the measures. It was politically and technically a courageous act, as the policies flew in the face of orthodoxy and Dr Mahathir and Malaysia were condemned by the global establishment when they were introduced. Nor Mohammed is credited for explaining the mechanics of the international currency trade to Dr Mahathir and for working out the details and mechanisms of important parts of the policy package, especially the fixing of the ringgit peg to the US dollar, the selective foreign exchange controls and de-internationalisation of the ringgit. Today, the Malaysian measures are widely praised for being innovative and effective. The same International Monetary Fund that heaped skepticism on them has acknowledged that useful lessons can be learnt from the Malaysian experience. History will recognize the Malaysian measures as a landmark as they posed a systematic challenge and a practical alternative to the orthodox policies promoted by the â€Å"Washington Consensus†, or the group of powerful institutions like the IMF, the World Bank and the US Treasury. Many people today point to the Malaysian measures to show that alternative ways of resolving financial and economic crises are possible, do exist and can work even better than the orthodox policies. Malaysia was luckier than other countries affected by the crisis, like Thailand, Indonesia and South Korea. We were not in a debt default situation, and thus did not have to turn to the IMF for loans. Those countries had to obey the IMF, and lost their policy autonomy. The result was high interest rates, continued currency depreciation, and deregulation of foreign ownership that led to the foreign takeover of many local assets. Initially Malaysia also voluntarily took on IMF-type policies. But this did not work, as the high interest rates added to the corporate and banking crisis; the flexible exchange policy enabled the ringgit to depreciate (at one time almost touching five ringgit to the dollar);   the freedom of capital mobility allowed funds to flow out;   and the cutbacks in government expenditure added to recessionary pressures. In 1998, a year after the start of the crisis, the Malaysian model was introduced. This package comprised: * The core macroeconomic measures of interest rates, monetary and fiscal policies. Interest rates were significantly reduced, allowing firms and consumers to breathe again and then to borrow, thus improving investment and consumption conditions. The statutory reserve requirement was reduced to increase liquidity, and banks were encouraged to increase lending. And government boosted its spending, to get the economy moving again when the private sector was in the doldrums. These measures are consistent with the policies advocated by the great English economist John Maynard Keynes and are an integral part of Economics textbooks. They are taken by the US administration when the US is in recession. But they are forbidden to countries borrowing from the IMF, which has insisted on a combination of high interest rates, tight money flows, and government expenditure cuts. Thus ironically the Malaysian economic policies were seen as â€Å"radical† when they should be considered as standard Keynesian anti-recession policies. 1. Stabilising the exchange rate. The ringgit was fixed at 3. 80 to the US dollar, thus ending the previous flexible exchange rate system. This put an end to currency fluctuations and speculation. It allowed the macroeconomic policies to be implemented, and prevented a possible debt servicing crisis, which could have occurred if the ringgit had depreciated to below a certain level, as happened for example in Indonesia. 2. Closing down the overseas trade of the ringgit, and the trade in Singapore of Malaysian shares. This put an end to speculative activities in the currency and in local shares. 3. Regulating capital flows, particularly short-term capital outflows by foreigners and local citizens. Measures included an initial one-year moratorium on outflow of foreign portfolio capital and foreign-owned financial assets denominated in ringgit. Restrictions were placed on capital transfers by local citizens and companies. The restrictions did not apply to the flow of funds relating to foreign direct investment, nor to trade. These regulations were removed a few years later. 1. Maintaining financial stability by deciding on a policy of not closing down financial institutions facing difficulties, and announcing that the government would guarantee deposits placed in banks and finance companies. This prompted depositors to retain confidence in the banking system, unlike in other countries where bank closures (insisted on by the IMF) led to a run on the system and to capital flight. 2. Restructuring and recapitalizing the banking and corporate sectors to enable a recovery in the micro-economy. Among the measures were the establishment and work of Danaharta (an asset management company) to deal with the non-performing loans problem,   Danamodal (a special agency) to recapitalize troubled financial institutions and the Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee to restructure corporate debt 3. Revitalising the various economic sectors affected by the crisis. 4. Maintaining certain key economic and social policies, in particular the regulation of foreign ownership of assets, subsidies and price controls, policies relating to distribution and balance among local ethnic communities. If Malaysia had to turn to the IMF, it would have had to end many of these policies, and there might have been social chaos. But instead the country could continue to regulate the entry and degree of participation of foreign investors in the domestic economy. It could assist local firms and financial institutions facing financial difficulties. The policy of striving for balance in the distribution of assets and equity between locals and foreigners and among the local communities (the New Economic Policy) was basically maintained. Socially-oriented policies could continue, such as price controls on essential consumer items and subsidies on consumer items and to farmers. The government was also able to maintain its own policies on privatization, and on the extent and rate of financial and trade liberalization. Many countries taking IMF loans were pressurized to give up policies such as the above, and this led in some cases to social unrest. There are thus some important lessons from the Malaysian policy response to the crisis. Mainly, there are alternatives to the IMF policies. The Malaysian case shows that such an alternative approach exists, and can be applied in a relatively successful manner with good results. In addition, having policy space and flexibility is important to a developing country. The Malaysian experience also shows that if a country is able to avoid turning to the IMF, it can be free of being in the straightjacket of the IMF’s mainly one-size-fits-all policies, and can choose its own policies and also change them if they are found to be unsuitable. Other than that, a coherent anti-crisis strategy should be seen as an integrated package of its elements and policies. Policy makers sometime facing dilemmas and problems as there are multiple goals and the same policy instrument meant to achieve one goal definitely may give a negative impact on other goals. In fact, when there are many complex trade-offs happened, it is useful to apply the concept of â€Å"think outside the box† and seek new or extraordinary policy or solutions that might be available. In the Malaysian case, the various policy elements should be seen as parts of an integrated approach, or of a whole policy package. Thus, each element should be considered not only on its own merits or for its own role to achieve a particular goal, but also for its function of having an effect on another goal. A particular element or policy may not have the same successful intended effect, unless done together with some other element of policy. Thus, the inter-relationship of the elements and the interaction with one another should be appreciated. As example, reducing the interest rate was important for rescuing the micro economy and reviving the real economy; but doing so would have brought down the ringgit’s exchange rate and threatened the country with a debt default situation. The interest rate had therefore to be separated from the exchange rate. A new policy instrument—fixing the exchange rate—was then introduced. However, this step would have been not enough as speculation on the currency could still take place in ringgit offshore markets; and capital flight could also threaten the foreign reserves position and maintenance of the exchange rate would be unsustainable. During the end of 1997, ratings had fallen from investment grade to rubbish, the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) had lost more than 50% from above 1,200 to fewer than 600, and the ringgit had lost 50% of its value, falling from above 2. 0 to under 4. 57 on (Jan 23, 1998) to the dollar. Then, the hero of Malaysian, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad imposed strict capital controls and introduced a 3. 80 peg against the US dollar. Therefore, besides that, the stabilization of the currency also required two additional policy instruments—ending the overseas speculation by banning the currency’s trade abroad; and introducing selective capital co ntrols to regulate the outflows and inflows of funds. Therefore, beginning with even one major policy goal (reviving the local companies and the local economy) and a single policy tool (interest rate reduction), the Malaysian strategy also eventually involved several other policy tools and goals. On the other hand, to appreciate the brilliance of the Malaysian model, it is vital to see the role or roles played by each element, and to recognize that each of the measures was part of an integral policy package. Perhaps Malaysians are still too close in time and in geography to be able to distance ourselves and appreciate the full value of the Malaysian model. There were also many measures on the downside, such as the wastage in resources and inappropriateness of some of the rescue operations, especially in the big companies. These situations were heavily criticized at the time as cases of favouritism and cronyism and as a waste of public funds. In the past two years, Nor Mohamed played an important role in his position as Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister to rearrange the structure, ownership and management of several of the companies, and therefore helped in providing a better image to Malaysian citizen and corporate companies. The Malaysian crisis management strategy was the effect not only of one or two people but a team led by Tun Mahathir and comprising Ministers, the National Economic Action Council and its secretariat, and the key government agencies and Ministries. The Economic Advisor of Prime Minister, Nor Mohamed played a vital role mainly in the elements that involve the currency and the selective capital controls. For the public and citizen of Malaysia, they expect that the capabilities owned by Prime Minister and his team have higher potential and expectations that heir skills will be well used to properly leading the finances and economy of the country for the betterment in the future. What Can we Learnt from the Financial Crisis in 1997-2000 Despite of having the worst area of financial during 1997-2000, Malaysian citizen should be very thankful regarding the best decision made by the most powerful man of the country; the Prime Minister. If we can go back to the past, we can easily define the risk taking by our Prime Minister those days, Tun Dr Mahathir Bin Mohamad was a suicidal mission. Most of the countries that affected by the financial crisis will definitely seek for financial help and financial recommendations from IMF as they have no more idea. However, in Malaysias’ situation, we actually created a new solution that backs the roles of IMF itself. During those days, IMF was known and defined as the only solution that they have. For us, to be a leader for our country, determination and risk taking is ultimately important. Other than that, talking about lesson learn, especially in term of economic, the currency rate, and stock exchange do act as key roles for some country to excel in business and financial management. Nowadays, the country that not manipulate their currency itself and hoping 100% on IMF have a slow economic development. That is the only thing that makes us, as a Malaysian proud of our forth Prime Minister, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. References 1. http://www. treasury. gov. my/index. php? ption=com_contentview=articleid=885%3Athe-financial-crisis-of-1997-1998-by-nor-mohamed-yakcopcatid=53%3AucapanItemid=251lang=my Retrieved on 15th August 2011 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis Retrieved on 15th August 2011 3. http://www. irti. org/irj/go/km/docs/documents/IDBDevelopments/Internet/English/IRTI/CM/downloads/IES_Articles/Vol%209-2.. Zuabir%20Hasan.. The%201997-98%20Financial%20Crisis%20in%20Malaysia. pdf Retrieved on 16th August 2011 . Kaufman, GG. , Krueger, TH. , Hunter, WC. (1999) The Asian Financial Crisis: Origins, Implications and Solutions. Springer. ISBN 0-7923-8472-5 Retrieved on 14th August 2011 5. http://www. twnside. org. sg/title2/gtrends1. htm Retrieved on 14th August 2011 [ 1 ]. http://www. irti. org/irj/go/km/docs/documents/IDBDevelopments/Internet/English/IRTI/CM/downloads/IES_Articles/Vol%209-2.. Zuabir%20Hasan.. The%201997-98%20Financial%20Crisis%20in%20Malaysia. pdf