The Role Of Communications In An Organisation English Language Essay

The Role Of Communications In An Organisation English Language Essay Understanding the role of communications in an organization: 1.1: Explain the communication processes used within my organization (TESCO): Communication process is the process of sending data from one source to another intentionally with a meaning perceived by the receiver. If a company wants to survive in the industry then communication plays a vital role. Without proper communication no work can be completed successfully in organization. It is simply passing information from one to another. There are six basic elements of communication process which are sender (encoder), message, channel, receiver (decoder), noise, and feedback. Tesco uses modern communication process where ICT is vital.  Tesco controls and monitor their every aspect of their operation by using ICT, which includes stock, distribution, payroll, communication methods, and so on 1.2: Analyse the purpose of communication process used within TESCO: In Tesco communication helps to achieve its aims and objectives. Although it doesnt help to achieve all of the aims and objective still help to achieve their main aims and objectives such as To make profit To expand To provide good services to the customers To provides jobs Tesco advertise their product thorough brochures, Internet, television to inform people about their product rates and special offers at the stores at the time. Tesco spends lots of money to advertise their products and make sure that have reached their customers. This will attract more customers and enables Tesco to make a profit. Tesco advertises vacancies thorough Internet and newspaper and find a right person for the job to provide good services to the customers. If Tesco makes profit it will help them to expand and create more jobs so advertisements helps Tesco to achieve their aims and objectives such as making profit, expand and creating jobs. Tesco used costly and effective communication method such as demonstration, video in training so that the colleagues can be trained efficiently so they can provide good services to the customers. Tesco used to check their availability of product and order them at right time so they can provide better services. They do not want to disappoint the customers and they advertise their prospectus and advertise their financial performance to attract new shareholders so they can get more money, which will help them expand worldwide. Tesco need to communicate very well because they are running their business at international level. If business wants to expand worldwide or want to create new jobs they need to make profit. Tesco makes 3 million profits a day and serving more than billions of customers per week. Tesco need to check there expire dates and quality of their product so that their customers are not affected. Tesco arranges meeting with the staff so they can discuss and create new ideas and feedback about their services and Tesco used to communicates with customers and take their ideas and complaints to improve their services. Tesco uses to give written warning to their employees and the person who breaches the employment contract and they finally dismiss them they have written evidence and they can use it for future references and they employ the staff that can take care of their customers. Tesco uses overhead projector to analyse the profit forecast with the employees and accountant which is very expensive and Tesco used to arrange meetings with their senior manager so they can get a better decision and to solve problem and this will help them to make profit and expand. Tesco provide walkie-talkie to their security guard to protect their premise and customer belonging in the stores. Tesco use e-mails, mobile phones, and pager and fax to communicate within their employees to pass any urgent information in terms of emergencies such as break down of machines, raw materials needed this will help them to provide good services to the customers. Tesco writes letters to their customer about the nectar value or the amount due to them by the customers. Tesco prepares reports about the company legal obligations, which can be used for future references. 1.3: Analyse communication barriers in TESCO: There can be a few problems with the use of ICT in Tesco.   Faults of computers can slow down the processing systems, fraud can take place and the cost of ICT is very expensive.   But Tesco has the latest ICT equipment and is not getting any major problems.   There ICT system gives them the best support to meet its objectives. Tesco spent about  £133 million on ICT that is about 1.4% of their turnover, this clearly shows that ICT is a great success for the company and is fit for its purpose.  ICT is value for money and very effective in helping Tesco achieve its business objectives. Be able to manage interpersonal communication skills: 2.1 Auditing my Communication Skills: The communication skills that I am used to are: Tone/pitch, Slang, Pace, Gestures, Body language, Listening, Facial expression, Eye contact, Group interactions. 2.2: The use of my communication skills within organizational setting: My tone and pitch was appropriated I did not shout at of my client as this would make him/her angry or even intimidating to talk to me so I kept it at a level that he/she could hear me clearly. I did not used any slangs and jargon because my client may not of understand what I was say so he/she will be confused not only just my clients but others within the group also the only time it is appropriate for me to use slang is when I am talking with my friends. I used appropriate pace I did not talk to fast because people may not heard clearly what I was saying. In order to get my point across I talk slowly  and clearly to that my point could be heard. Gestures- I used appropriate gestures for the other to understand what I was trying to say. Adapted the used of Egan theory of SOLER which stands for Squarely, Open, Lean, Eye contact, Relaxed. I lean forward to show that I was interested in what he/she was saying I kept my contact and I also faced him/her squarely. I had to listen to wha t he/she was saying so that I can summarize my facial expression was welcoming I smiled at him/her to make him/her feel safe and felt I feeling of love and belonging according to Maslow hierarchy of needs I kept my eye contact on the person that was talking to show that I was listening. As I was a group interaction I gave other people time to talk I did not talk over anybody voice. In my group interaction with my client I appeared to be interested and kept good facial expressions.     One 2 one When talking to the child I used the correct tone I did not shout or this would make him angry to I get calmed I also talked slowly and clearly to he can hear what I was saying. I kept good eye contact with the child I listen to what he was saying and I ask him some open question so that he can express himself. I did not stand over him when I was talking or he may feel intimidating. I kept good facial expression mostly my smiling at him. I did not use any slangs or jargon just simple words that he may understand. I also incorporated Maslow by showing love, belonging and safety. I showed hid that he can come and talked to me without by afraid. I played with him nicely and made in happy so that he would know that he is in a safe environment. Care value base I did not shout at the person as they have the right to be treated with respect. I tried to empower them to make their own decision   I done this my asking the seven year old boy what he would like to do. I did not pass any racism comment or else I would be discriminating against their diversity being race religion culture etc. I also gave them the rights to their own beliefs I did not slag them off but I gave them the chance to explain themselves. I maintained confidentiality as this builds trust I done this by not passing important information about the clients to others and also it would breach the data protection act. 2.3: The effectiveness of my communication skills within organizational setting: Communication is the best tool by which a person can express and try to convey its point but it is not necessary that the receiver takes it in the right way as the sender must have perceived.   Why do we learn how to communicate effectively as poor communication and lack of communication skills can lead to misunderstandings, fights, low morale, arguments and change the perception of the audience or the receiver 2.4: A development plan to improve my own communication skills, using feedback from others: Successful communication is not about me and getting what I want; it is about discovering what other people want and need and then adapting my presentation to match their needs. As I practice and develop my skills, I find that people gladly  adopt my ideas because I have subtly helped them to discover them for themselves rather than telling them about them. To development plan to improve my own communication skills, using feedback from others I generally use the following process: Visual- use conversation to describe things check that spectacles are been worn help the person to touch things explain the detail sighted people take for granted Hearing- do not shout, speak normal and clear and make sure your face is visible so that those who can lip read are able to do so write message or use pictures check for hearing aid   Environmental- Check and improve the lighting Change to a quieter setting Work in smaller group if it would help you to see and hear each other more easily. Time- give people more time to talk and understand Be able to manage my workplace communications: 3.1: Improvements to my workplace communications: Improving communication can lead to healthier relationships and further motivation which is much needed in company. From what we can understand, it is hard to measure the motivation of the secretary, which appears quite low. Although it may seem like there are a lot of problems, many other issues are not; for example, poor language skills, hierarchy, and emotional interference. There are two main types of communication; formal and informal. It is important to know which to use for certain information. Formal communication runs through a procedure or protocol whereas informal is quite the opposite, where information is communicated through unreliable sources, such as the grapevine. Communication with the secretary seemed considerably informal; especially at times when it would have been more desirable to be formal. To ensure important information is carried through, it is highly recommended to be formal and use the right medium for communication. 3.2: Implementation of a plan to improve my workplace communications: To implement a plan to improve my workplace communications following are necessary: I believe there are more things to improve on in my group communication because sometimes it was a lot harder as there was more than one person. It was also harder because there was someone who is a resident and then there were 4 staff members between 20-35. There were a few barriers in this communication because we were outside and it was raining, everyone was cold and also we all had umbrellas covering our faces. My active listening sometimes wasnt very good because everyone was talking over one another, I think that if I had spoken up then I could of grasped what was getting said but because I was only there on placement I thought that I shouldnt but in although who I was talking to should have taken turns in speaking.    My eye contact sometimes wasnt very good because it was raining so there were umbrellas in the way of peoples faces and its harder to use eye contact within a group communication. The reason I didnt use much eye contact was because everyone was speaking over one another so I kept glancing at everyone but my main focus was on someone. This was because I wanted him to feel comfortable although it was cold outside. I didnt use touch in my group communication as I thought it wasnt needed. This was because we were all outside and it was cold. Everyone had an umbrella to themselves so you couldnt really get close enough to anyone to touch them. Although I did help someone get out of his chair when it was time to go back inside. To improve on this I believe I could have helped someone a bit more with getting in and out of his chair because then I would have used touch more appropriately rather than just grabbing at his hand to help him walk inside. I didnt grab at his hand because I knew he could walk on his own with the aid of a walking stick but if he had of asked me to hold his hand then I would have done. 3.3: Develop measures to evaluate success of a plan to improve my workplace communications: It is a necessity Nobody can do without communicating we communicate even if we are silent by our facial expression, or the posture we are sitting etc.   Therefore, we need to know the communication process to communicate effectively. It is a two-way process It includes sending a message and the response to that message. It is not complete unless the receiver has correctly known the message and his response (feedback) becomes known to the sender. It always involves two parties sender and receiver Two or more individual are involved in communication, in the organization point of view it can be upward, downward, horizontal or vertical.   The flow of communication is a circular one It is continuous, on-going process. It is a pervasive function; performed in all types of organizations at all the levels of management. Organization surely cannot do without communication. It is like Bow out of the arrow You can never take back your words whatever you say is already said and already observed by the receiver like for e.g. when we are angry we say things which we are not suppose to say even if we apologize it is irreversible.   That is the reason we have to be careful in saying anything to anybody this goes professionally as well personally. Recommendations and Conclusion Improving communication can lead to healthier relationships and further motivation which is much needed in Johns company. From what we can understand, it is hard to measure the motivation of the secretary, which appears quite low. Although it may seem like there are a lot of problems, many other issues are not; for example, poor language skills, hierarchy, and emotional interference. The crucial problems in the organisation can easily be avoided simply by exercising effective communication practice. This would include understanding different methods, forms and mediums of communication.

Deception Point Page 21

Tolland groaned. â€Å"Now he's showing off. What Corky means is that we can prove a rock is a meteorite simply by measuring its chemical content.† â€Å"Hey, ocean boy!† Corky chided. â€Å"Let's leave the science to the scientists, shall we?† He immediately turned back to Rachel. â€Å"In earth rocks, the mineral nickel occurs in either extremely high percentages or extremely low; nothing in the middle. In meteorites, though, the nickel content falls within a midrange set of values. Therefore, if we analyze a sample and find the nickel content reflects a midrange value, we can guarantee beyond the shadow of a doubt that the sample is a meteorite.† Rachel felt exasperated. â€Å"Okay, gentlemen, fusion crusts, chondrules, midrange nickel contents, all of which prove it's from space. I get the picture.† She laid the sample back on Corky's table. â€Å"But why am I here?† Corky heaved a portentous sigh. â€Å"You want to see a sample of the meteorite NASA found in the ice underneath us?† Before I die here, please. This time Corky reached in his breast pocket and produced a small, disk-shaped piece of stone. The slice of rock was shaped like an audio CD, about half an inch thick, and appeared to be similar in composition to the stony meteorite she had just seen. â€Å"This is a slice of a core sample that we drilled yesterday.† Corky handed the disk to Rachel. The appearance certainly was not earth-shattering. It was an orangish-white, heavy rock. Part of the rim was charred and black, apparently a segment of the meteorite's outer skin. â€Å"I see the fusion crust,† she said. Corky nodded. â€Å"Yeah, this sample was taken from near the outside of the meteorite, so it still has some crust on it.† Rachel tilted the disk in the light and spotted the tiny metallic globules. â€Å"And I see the chondrules.† â€Å"Good,† Corky said, his voice tense with excitement. â€Å"And I can tell you from having run this thing through a petrographic polarizing microscope that its nickel content is midrange-nothing like a terrestrial rock. Congratulations, you've now successfully confirmed the rock in your hand came from space.† Rachel looked up, confused. â€Å"Dr. Marlinson, it's a meteorite. It's supposed to come from space. Am I missing something here?† Corky and Tolland exchanged knowing looks. Tolland put a hand on Rachel's shoulder and whispered, â€Å"Flip it over.† Rachel turned the disk over so she could see the other side. It took only an instant for her brain to process what she was looking at. Then the truth hit her like a truck. Impossible! she gasped, and yet as she stared at the rock she realized her definition of â€Å"impossible† had just changed forever. Embedded in the stone was a form that in an earth specimen might be considered commonplace, and yet in a meteorite was utterly inconceivable. â€Å"It's†¦ † Rachel stammered, almost unable to speak the word. â€Å"It's†¦ a bug! This meteorite contains the fossil of a bug!† Both Tolland and Corky were beaming. â€Å"Welcome aboard,† Corky said. The torrent of emotions that gripped Rachel left her momentarily mute, and yet even in her bewilderment, she could clearly see that this fossil, beyond question, had once been a living biological organism. The petrified impression was about three inches long and looked to be the underside of some kind of huge beetle or crawling insect. Seven pairs of hinged legs were clustered beneath a protective outer shell, which seemed to be segmented in plates like that of an armadillo. Rachel felt dizzy. â€Å"An insect from space†¦ â€Å" â€Å"It's an isopod,† Corky said. â€Å"Insects have three pairs of legs, not seven.† Rachel did not even hear him. Her head was spinning as she studied the fossil before her. â€Å"You can clearly see,† Corky said, â€Å"that the dorsal shell is segmented in plates like a terrestrial pill bug, and yet the two prominent tail-like appendages differentiate it as something closer to a louse.† Rachel's mind had already tuned Corky out. The classification of the species was totally irrelevant. The puzzle pieces now came crashing into place-the President's secrecy, the NASA excitement†¦ There is a fossil in this meteorite! Not just a speck of bacteria or microbes, but an advanced life-form! Proof of life elsewhere in the universe! 23 Ten minutes into the CNN debate, Senator Sexton wondered how he could have been worried at all. Marjorie Tench was grossly overestimated as an opponent. Despite the senior adviser's reputation for ruthless sagacity, she was turning out to be more of a sacrificial lamb than a worthy opponent. Granted, early in the conversation Tench had grabbed the upper hand by hammering the senator's prolife platform as biased against women, but then, just as it seemed Tench was tightening her grip, she'd made a careless mistake. While questioning how the senator expected to fund educational improvements without raising taxes, Tench made a snide allusion to Sexton's constant scapegoating of NASA. Although NASA was a topic Sexton definitely intended to address toward the end of the discussion, Marjorie Tench had opened the door early. Idiot! â€Å"Speaking of NASA,† Sexton segued casually. â€Å"Can you comment on the rumors I keep hearing that NASA has suffered another recent failure?† Marjorie Tench did not flinch. â€Å"I'm afraid I have not heard that rumor.† Her cigarette voice was like sandpaper. â€Å"So, no comment?† â€Å"I'm afraid not.† Sexton gloated. In the world of media sound bites, â€Å"no comment† translated loosely to â€Å"guilty as charged.† â€Å"I see,† Sexton said. â€Å"And how about the rumors of a secret, emergency meeting between the President and the administrator of NASA?† This time Tench looked surprised. â€Å"I'm not sure what meeting you're referring to. The President takes many meetings.† â€Å"Of course, he does.† Sexton decided to go straight at her. â€Å"Ms. Tench, you are a great supporter of the space agency, is that right?† Tench sighed, sounding tired of Sexton's pet issue. â€Å"I believe in the importance of preserving America's technological edge-be that military, industry, intelligence, telecommunications. NASA is certainly part of that vision. Yes.† In the production booth, Sexton could see Gabrielle's eyes telling him to back off, but Sexton could taste blood. â€Å"I'm curious, ma'am, is it your influence behind the President's continued support of this obviously ailing agency?† Tench shook her head. â€Å"No. The President is also a staunch believer in NASA. He makes his own decisions.† Sexton could not believe his ears. He had just given Marjorie Tench a chance to partially exonerate the President by personally accepting some of the blame for NASA funding. Instead, Tench had thrown it right back at the President. The President makes his own decisions. It seemed Tench was already trying to distance herself from a campaign in trouble. No big surprise. After all, when the dust settled, Marjorie Tench would be looking for a job. Over the next few minutes, Sexton and Tench parried. Tench made some weak attempts to change the subject, while Sexton kept pressing her on the NASA budget. â€Å"Senator,† Tench argued, â€Å"you want to cut NASA's budget, but do you have any idea how many high-tech jobs will be lost?† Sexton almost laughed in the woman's face. This gal is considered the smartest mind in Washington? Tench obviously had something to learn about the demographics of this country. High-tech jobs were inconsequential in comparison to the huge numbers of hardworking blue-collar Americans. Sexton pounced. â€Å"We're talking about billions in savings here, Marjorie, and if the result is that a bunch of NASA scientists have to get in their BMWs and take their marketable skills elsewhere, then so be it. I'm committed to being tough on spending.†

What is a Human Life Worth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 910 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Tags: Value of Life Essay Did you like this example? What is a human life worth? To you? To your family and loved ones? The value of a life can be assessed through personal, emotional, and monetary standpoints. Apple CEO Steve Jobs gave an inspiring speech to the Stanford graduating class of 2005 when he told 3 stories each containing valuable lessons on the importance of life and death from a personal standpoint. Other people like Hamlet, a character in one of Shakespeares famous plays, looks at life from a purely emotional standpoint. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is a Human Life Worth?" essay for you Create order In the play, Hamlet was faced with tragedy and questioned whether or not his life was worth living. Both Hamlet and Jobs put a certain amount of internal value on their own lives, but government and insurance agencies face the daunting task to put specific monetary values on peoplers lives every day. I agree with Steve Jobs and his views on life and death, although, I do acknowledge the views of Hamlet and the importance of agencies supporting families who have recently lost a loved one. In Steve Jobs commencement speech at Stanford University, the successful college-dropout made bold claims with his personal views on the meaning of life and death. Among other statements, he advised the graduating college students that life is short so there is no reason not to follow your heart (Jobs). I agree with this statement and the message that Jobs was conveying. Jobs was saying that death is inevitable and he lives his life as if he has nothing to lose. He encourages people to follow their heart and do the same. He followed this statement with a story of his own life and his short-lived battle with cancer and how those experiences gave him a new perspective on the value of life and the importance of death. Jobs had a very optimistic view on both life and death and clearly states that throughout his speech. Jobs used his adversity as motivation to follow his heart and live every day like itrs his last. In contrast, Hamlet has pessimistic views on both life and death due to the recent murder of his father. In his soliloquy, he contemplates whether his life is worth living and if death would be a better resolution or just as bad as life. He describes his life as a sea of troubles and says he no longer wishes to bear the whips and scorns of time (Hamlet). From reading Hamletrs soliloquy, it is evident that Hamlet does not value his life and his views on death are equally as pessimistic. Hamletrs negative views are contradicting to Jobs in the sense that Hamlet does not value neither life nor death whereas Jobs puts a great importance on both. Although I do not agree with Hamletrs views, I acknowledge that when faced with tragedy it is is difficult to see things clearly. When I was 7, I suffered the loss of my newborn sister due to heart failure. For months, I cried and was upset at the fact that life could be so unforgiving. My perspective on life changed drastically, much like Hamletrs did. But after a period of time I came to realize that life is valuable and we are faced with these tragedies so we can use them to inspire others like Steve Jobs did. If you are looking at the value of a life from the governmentrs point of view, a life is only worth the amount of money that person made, or were projected to make. For example, the families of the victims of 9/11 were reasonably compensated for the loss of their family member. After evaluating factors such as age, annual income, and number of children, the Value of Life Calculator determined the amount of money the victimrs families would receive. On The Value of Life Calculator website, they claim their purpose is to, help assess your financial value to those you love (Value of Life Calculator). But how can they put a price on a personrs life? Economically, a life may be only worth around $1 million but to the people who lost a loved one, no amount of money would be able to fill that void. So, although I acknowledge that it is important to prevent families from suffering financial hardship when faced with a loss of a loved one, I believe a price tag should never be placed on a huma n life. Each human life is unique, and no two lives are of equal importance or value and no two people value life the same way. In the face of death, Jobs found even more reasons to value his life and from that he acquired a new-found appreciation of the concept of death. I agree with Jobs and the influential claims he made in his speech. When faced with hardships, like Hamlet, it can be hard to see the value that your life holds. Although I disagree with Hamlet, it can often be difficult to be optimistic when you are faced with tragedy. When valuing a life from a monetary standpoint, I do not believe a price can be put on a personrs life. Although the financial compensation may help pay the bills, I do not believe a human life has a monetary value. When it comes down to it, everybody dies eventually no matter how you value your life. So, as Steve Jobs quoted in his speech, if you live each day as if it is your last, someday youll most certainly be right.

How A Generator Set Is A Stationary Sets - 823 Words

8. A Generator Set is a Stationary ICE, not a Non Road A generator set which is classified as a Stationary ICE is clearly excluded from the Title II of the CCA. At that time, the EPA intended for Stationary ICE to be to regulate by NSPS. ``Nothing in Title II of this Act relating to nonroad engines shall be construed to apply to stationary internal combustion engines. Environmental Protection Agency, June 17, 1994 However, legislation for the Stationary ICE (also known as RICE by the EPA) was only finalized in July 2006. Given that Non road CI engines was established earlier in 1994 and engine manufacturers would often use the same engine for both non road and stationary application. Hence, the EPA decided to use the same Non road CI†¦show more content†¦Tier 4 further significantly reduce NOx emission to near zero, additional emission control devices is needed due to more stringent standard. Control devices such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) or Selectively Catalytic Reduction (SCR) are commonly found in higher Tiered engines. EGR as its name suggests recirculates part of the exhaust gas (cooled) back to the combustion chamber. This mixture of fresh air and recirculated exhaust reduces the concentration of oxygen and reduce combustion temperature. These mechanisms reduce NOx production at the expense of fuel efficiency and PM emission. SCR is an exhaust after treatment system that uses a chemical, Urea (commercial name Adblue) which reacts with NOx to form water and carbon dioxide. This technology reduced NOx by 70 to 80%. The drawbacks of such a system is the requirement of a separate tank for Urea as it is consumable and poor efficiency at low temperatures. 12. ABT: Averaging, Banking, Trading In order to provide flexibility for engine manufacturers to meet NOx emission standard, the ABT program was implemented. This program allows manufacturers to gain credits if the family emission limits (FELs) above or below the applicable emission standard. These credits can be used to offset engines with emissions above the FELs or traded with other manufacturer. 13. Emergency and Non-emergency CI engines The NSPS classifiesShow MoreRelatedPhysics Mastery Lab830 Words   |  4 PagesCollege December 10, 2013 Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to measure the speed of sound in air and to determine the effects of frequency on the speed of sound. Apparatus (equipment used): Signal generator: manufacturer- EMCO, model number- SS-1, range- 20Hz-2MHz, least count- 1Hz Frequency meter: manufacturer- DEADALON CORPORATION, model number- N/A, range- 20Hz-2MHz, least count 1 kilohertz Oscilloscope: manufacturer- BK Precision, model number-Read MoreFossil Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages492-494). 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Artificial Intelligence ( Ai ) Is Intelligence Offered By...

Artificial intelligence In e -commerce What is artificial intelligence : Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence offered by machines. In computer science, an ideal intelligent machine is a flexible rational agent that recognize its environment and takes actions that increase its chance of success at some goal. also, the term artificial intelligence is applied when a machine performs cognitive functions, such as learning and problem solving. SiteZeus is a great example of using AI in developing the business by helping companies to create an intelligence platform. They use big data and machine learning to recommend the ideal retail location for brands, and to help the company to know their customers. Important Statistics about AI in business: 1. According to Bloomberg There was more than $300 million in venture capital invested in AI startups in 2014, a 300% increase over the year before. 2. According to Gartner by 2020, 85% of buyer interactions will be managed without a human. 3. According to Narrative Science 44% of executives believe artificial intelligence’s most important advantage is â€Å"automated communications that afford data that can be used to make decisions. 4. According to Gartner by the end of 2018, â€Å"customer digital assistants† will recognize customers by face and voice across channels and partners. 5. According to Narrative Science 80% of executives believe artificial intelligence improves worker performance and creates jobs. 6. AccordingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Turing Test1426 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, â€Å"the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men†.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. â€Å"We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. 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Perinatal Depression In Black Women Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Perinatal depression is defined as depression which has either originated during gestation or one twelvemonth station kid birth. [ 1 ] The overall prevalence of perinatal depression is estimated to be 14.5 % per centum of all the gestations in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Perinatal Depression In Black Women Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now [ 2 ] The estimated prevalence of perinatal depression in African American adult females is higher than white adult females. [ 3 ] Perinatal depression is multi factorial. Major hazard factors for perinatal depression are undiagnosed depression in the prenatal period, bing major depressive upset, past history of gestation with post-partum depression. The chief hazard factors hypothesized are low socio-economic position, societal isolation, increased prevalence of confidant spouse force, increased figure of unwanted gestations, increased religionism, cultural factors such as stigma associated with seeking mental wellness services, deficiency of societal support and societal detachment, increased high hazard behaviour such as smoke, alcohol addiction and drug maltreatment during gestation, increased prevalence of HIV/AIDS and self perceived favoritism. Surveies show that African American adult females from interior metropolis countries have GED instruction and a few adult females have a college grade. Unwanted gestation in teenage, deficiency of entree to exigency preventives, and reduced use of abortion services are the causes for higher rates of high school dropouts in these adult females. Food, lodging and occupation insecurities are more frequently seen in adult females from interior metropolis. Odd work hours, deficiency of insurance or under insurance, high strain occupations have inauspicious effects on the wellness of the female parent. Unsafe vicinities and deficiency of supermarkets can restrict the entree to fresh fruits and veggies. Most adult females depend on nutrient casts for their monthly food markets. Low SES Poor Health, Depression Social isolation reported by adult females with perinatal depression. Studies show that most adult females are individual female parents with no fellows or hubbies. Lack of societal support and societal detachment are other societal barriers experienced by these adult females. Lack of cognition on parenting, nutrition, contraceptive method during gestation, services available through plans like Healthy Start, WIC and how to voyage through these systems for wellness attention are the major countries where support services are either losing or non easy available. Many African American adult females are either victims of physical, emotional, sexual or more than one signifier of confidant spouse force. Rape and incest are really normally reported signifiers of sexual maltreatment. Intimate spouse force can ensue in low ego regard and do adult females more prone to depression during gestation. Besides, culprits are more likely to be drug maltreaters and may forcefully expose the adult females to drugs. The unmet demand for exigency preventive in African American adult females is higher than white adult females. The rate of elected abortions in African American adult females is lower than white adult females. The barriers to exigency preventive are cost, deficiency of information about the timing of exigency preventive usage, cultural barriers such as guilt and shame. It is estimated that the prevalence of unwanted gestation in the United States is 50 % . The mean age of maternity in African American adult females is in early 20s versus late 20s and mid 30s for white adult females. Besides of all the uninsured or underinsured female parents, bulk are African American. Surveies suggest that African American adult females prefer psychotherapeutics compared to pharmacotherapy. Black adult females are more likely to go to church than white adult females and they approach spiritual leaders in the church for support. Increased religionism is one of the drive grounds for decreased and less frequent abortions in African American adult females and increased figure of unwanted gestations. Many Orthodox Catholic churches do non approve preventive usage in any signifier and promote abstain merely methods for contraceptive method. Some surveies suggest that using mental wellness is perceived as a societal stigma in African American adult females particularly among Haitians. High hazard behaviours such as smoke and utilizing street drugs during gestation are more prevailing in African American adult females. These adult females are more likely to hold past history of engagement in drug trafficking and many have pending eviction or public-service corporation cuts. It is hard to badger out whether depression caused the usage of drugs or the usage of drugs caused depression. Public Health impact Complications of perinatal depression are placental abnormalcies, self-generated abortions and preeclampsia. Depressed female parents have hapless female parent to child fond regard and chest provender less often. Perinatal depression additions maternal morbidity and decreases overall good being by doing day-to-day life damage. Depressed female parents have increased pre term birth associated with high rates of low births. The babies of down female parents have higher prevalence of perinatal birth complications and more frequent NICU admittances. Some surveies suggest that these babies may confront developmental issues and may non turn to allow percentile for age. As down female parents feed their babies less often, there can be an increased hazard of diarrhoeas due to bottle provenders. Depressed female parent Sick babe Healthy Start Initiative is a federal enterprise to supply mental wellness services for low income African American adult females. hapless referral and usage of mental wellness services Federal degree Including support services for mental wellness Intervention The barriers experienced by the African American adult females can be structural, knowledge based and attitudinal. The structural barriers can run from deficiency of coverage by insurance, inability to pay, inadequate kid attention, transit troubles and distance to go to clinic. The normally seen cognition barriers are deficiency of clip, non cognizing whom to reach, how to put up and assignment, non cognizing what intervention might be the best for oneself. The attitudinal barriers include worrying what others would believe, concerns about effectual aid one can acquire, deficiency of household support for acquiring the intervention and trouble in going motivated to seek intervention. Problem work outing instruction Medicine is impermanent Skills can be used over life clip Negative life events can act upon mental wellness Case directors can play the function of job work outing instruction Administration of BECK trial. Mild to chair depression can be eligible for the job work outing instruction. Severe depression can be provided with engagement interview to assist voyage through mental wellness service Describe job work outing instruction Describe battle interview 0-3-6 Focus groups instance directors, adult females having job work outing instruction, engagement interview Culturally acceptable, more unfastened ended Provides something for everybody Decreases the load on community mental wellness Centres Can better the use of mental wellness services Breast feeding support groups Social support group Policy degree support to develop the instance directors Church based activities Education on contraceptive method Breastfeeding, abortion support groups Weak job work outing accomplishments and life jobs make a individual more prone to depression. There is besides rearward causing, as depression additions, the ability to place and work out job lessenings. Problem work outing accomplishments will authorise the adult females to hold a sense of control on their jobs and utilize them in the hereafter to forestall depression. Problem work outing therapy will assist adult females place their jobs and happen realistic solutions to them. It will besides supply adult females with a systematic problem-solving scheme. A ; acirc ; ˆ?Engagement interview is an individualised, psychosocial intercession, based on an integrating of rules and techniques of ethnographic interviewing ( EI ) and motivational interviewing ( MI ) . A ; acirc ; ˆA? This methodological analysis can turn to cultural barriers experienced by low income adult females and offer a curative scheme to prosecute adult females in mental wellness services. The interview is based on unfastened ended inquiries technique and is delivered over 45 to 60 proceedingss to run into the specific demands of the client. The motivational constituents address working with ambivalency. Ethnographic rules on the other manus aid to research in a non judgmental mode the values and experiences of the clients. Recognitions Rosie Munoz-Lopez Xandra Negron Emily Fineberg Barbara Gottlieb 1. Gaynes BN, G.N. , Meltzer-Brody S, Lohr KN, Swinson T, Gartlehner G, Brody S, and M. WC. , Perinatal depression: prevalence, testing truth, and testing results. Evid Rep Technol Assess ( Summ ) , 2005 Feb. 119: p. 1-8. 2. Sit DK, F.C. , Svidergol D, White J, Wimer M, Bish B, Wisner KL, Best patterns: an emerging best pattern theoretical account for perinatal depression attention. Psychiatr Serv. , 2009 Nov. 60 ( 11 ) : p. 1429-31. 3. O’Mahen, H.A. and H.A. Flynn, Preferences and perceived barriers to intervention for depression during the perinatal period. J Womens Health ( Larchmt ) , 2008. 17 ( 8 ) : p. 1301-9. How to cite Perinatal Depression In Black Women Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Malaysia Response in Financial Crisis 1997 free essay sample

The Response for Malaysia during Financial Crisis in 1997-1998 If we went back to the dark ages of financial crisis in Asia, we should thank our forth prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Bin Mohamad for the decision that he have done. When all of the Asian countries’ face this problem, some countries do response to solve the crisis. The traditional policy response to financial difficulties has been to seek assistance from the IMF for improving the situation. For such assistance the countries in trouble invariably have to undertake economic and financial reforms, impart more transparency to government spending, and make the necessary macroeconomic adjustments. They must initiate measures to revitalize their economic and monetary systems. Thailand and Indonesia took steps to remedy their weaknesses. Korea too joined in. But these countries soon found the crisis beyond their control, and decided to seek assistance from the IMF. Following the IMF conditions for the help, these countries had to implement tight monetary and fiscal policies, and had to enforce the prescribed structural reformations, particularly in the financial sector. The appointment of Tan Sri Nor Mohamed   Yakcop as Finance Minister II brought back to mind the innovative package of policy measures that Malaysia embarked upon in the dark days of the financial crisis of 1997-2000. The then Prime Minster Tun Mahathir Mohamed took the bold political decisions to introduce and enforce the measures. It was politically and technically a courageous act, as the policies flew in the face of orthodoxy and Dr Mahathir and Malaysia were condemned by the global establishment when they were introduced. Nor Mohammed is credited for explaining the mechanics of the international currency trade to Dr Mahathir and for working out the details and mechanisms of important parts of the policy package, especially the fixing of the ringgit peg to the US dollar, the selective foreign exchange controls and de-internationalisation of the ringgit. Today, the Malaysian measures are widely praised for being innovative and effective. The same International Monetary Fund that heaped skepticism on them has acknowledged that useful lessons can be learnt from the Malaysian experience. History will recognize the Malaysian measures as a landmark as they posed a systematic challenge and a practical alternative to the orthodox policies promoted by the â€Å"Washington Consensus†, or the group of powerful institutions like the IMF, the World Bank and the US Treasury. Many people today point to the Malaysian measures to show that alternative ways of resolving financial and economic crises are possible, do exist and can work even better than the orthodox policies. Malaysia was luckier than other countries affected by the crisis, like Thailand, Indonesia and South Korea. We were not in a debt default situation, and thus did not have to turn to the IMF for loans. Those countries had to obey the IMF, and lost their policy autonomy. The result was high interest rates, continued currency depreciation, and deregulation of foreign ownership that led to the foreign takeover of many local assets. Initially Malaysia also voluntarily took on IMF-type policies. But this did not work, as the high interest rates added to the corporate and banking crisis; the flexible exchange policy enabled the ringgit to depreciate (at one time almost touching five ringgit to the dollar);   the freedom of capital mobility allowed funds to flow out;   and the cutbacks in government expenditure added to recessionary pressures. In 1998, a year after the start of the crisis, the Malaysian model was introduced. This package comprised: * The core macroeconomic measures of interest rates, monetary and fiscal policies. Interest rates were significantly reduced, allowing firms and consumers to breathe again and then to borrow, thus improving investment and consumption conditions. The statutory reserve requirement was reduced to increase liquidity, and banks were encouraged to increase lending. And government boosted its spending, to get the economy moving again when the private sector was in the doldrums. These measures are consistent with the policies advocated by the great English economist John Maynard Keynes and are an integral part of Economics textbooks. They are taken by the US administration when the US is in recession. But they are forbidden to countries borrowing from the IMF, which has insisted on a combination of high interest rates, tight money flows, and government expenditure cuts. Thus ironically the Malaysian economic policies were seen as â€Å"radical† when they should be considered as standard Keynesian anti-recession policies. 1. Stabilising the exchange rate. The ringgit was fixed at 3. 80 to the US dollar, thus ending the previous flexible exchange rate system. This put an end to currency fluctuations and speculation. It allowed the macroeconomic policies to be implemented, and prevented a possible debt servicing crisis, which could have occurred if the ringgit had depreciated to below a certain level, as happened for example in Indonesia. 2. Closing down the overseas trade of the ringgit, and the trade in Singapore of Malaysian shares. This put an end to speculative activities in the currency and in local shares. 3. Regulating capital flows, particularly short-term capital outflows by foreigners and local citizens. Measures included an initial one-year moratorium on outflow of foreign portfolio capital and foreign-owned financial assets denominated in ringgit. Restrictions were placed on capital transfers by local citizens and companies. The restrictions did not apply to the flow of funds relating to foreign direct investment, nor to trade. These regulations were removed a few years later. 1. Maintaining financial stability by deciding on a policy of not closing down financial institutions facing difficulties, and announcing that the government would guarantee deposits placed in banks and finance companies. This prompted depositors to retain confidence in the banking system, unlike in other countries where bank closures (insisted on by the IMF) led to a run on the system and to capital flight. 2. Restructuring and recapitalizing the banking and corporate sectors to enable a recovery in the micro-economy. Among the measures were the establishment and work of Danaharta (an asset management company) to deal with the non-performing loans problem,   Danamodal (a special agency) to recapitalize troubled financial institutions and the Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee to restructure corporate debt 3. Revitalising the various economic sectors affected by the crisis. 4. Maintaining certain key economic and social policies, in particular the regulation of foreign ownership of assets, subsidies and price controls, policies relating to distribution and balance among local ethnic communities. If Malaysia had to turn to the IMF, it would have had to end many of these policies, and there might have been social chaos. But instead the country could continue to regulate the entry and degree of participation of foreign investors in the domestic economy. It could assist local firms and financial institutions facing financial difficulties. The policy of striving for balance in the distribution of assets and equity between locals and foreigners and among the local communities (the New Economic Policy) was basically maintained. Socially-oriented policies could continue, such as price controls on essential consumer items and subsidies on consumer items and to farmers. The government was also able to maintain its own policies on privatization, and on the extent and rate of financial and trade liberalization. Many countries taking IMF loans were pressurized to give up policies such as the above, and this led in some cases to social unrest. There are thus some important lessons from the Malaysian policy response to the crisis. Mainly, there are alternatives to the IMF policies. The Malaysian case shows that such an alternative approach exists, and can be applied in a relatively successful manner with good results. In addition, having policy space and flexibility is important to a developing country. The Malaysian experience also shows that if a country is able to avoid turning to the IMF, it can be free of being in the straightjacket of the IMF’s mainly one-size-fits-all policies, and can choose its own policies and also change them if they are found to be unsuitable. Other than that, a coherent anti-crisis strategy should be seen as an integrated package of its elements and policies. Policy makers sometime facing dilemmas and problems as there are multiple goals and the same policy instrument meant to achieve one goal definitely may give a negative impact on other goals. In fact, when there are many complex trade-offs happened, it is useful to apply the concept of â€Å"think outside the box† and seek new or extraordinary policy or solutions that might be available. In the Malaysian case, the various policy elements should be seen as parts of an integrated approach, or of a whole policy package. Thus, each element should be considered not only on its own merits or for its own role to achieve a particular goal, but also for its function of having an effect on another goal. A particular element or policy may not have the same successful intended effect, unless done together with some other element of policy. Thus, the inter-relationship of the elements and the interaction with one another should be appreciated. As example, reducing the interest rate was important for rescuing the micro economy and reviving the real economy; but doing so would have brought down the ringgit’s exchange rate and threatened the country with a debt default situation. The interest rate had therefore to be separated from the exchange rate. A new policy instrument—fixing the exchange rate—was then introduced. However, this step would have been not enough as speculation on the currency could still take place in ringgit offshore markets; and capital flight could also threaten the foreign reserves position and maintenance of the exchange rate would be unsustainable. During the end of 1997, ratings had fallen from investment grade to rubbish, the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) had lost more than 50% from above 1,200 to fewer than 600, and the ringgit had lost 50% of its value, falling from above 2. 0 to under 4. 57 on (Jan 23, 1998) to the dollar. Then, the hero of Malaysian, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad imposed strict capital controls and introduced a 3. 80 peg against the US dollar. Therefore, besides that, the stabilization of the currency also required two additional policy instruments—ending the overseas speculation by banning the currency’s trade abroad; and introducing selective capital co ntrols to regulate the outflows and inflows of funds. Therefore, beginning with even one major policy goal (reviving the local companies and the local economy) and a single policy tool (interest rate reduction), the Malaysian strategy also eventually involved several other policy tools and goals. On the other hand, to appreciate the brilliance of the Malaysian model, it is vital to see the role or roles played by each element, and to recognize that each of the measures was part of an integral policy package. Perhaps Malaysians are still too close in time and in geography to be able to distance ourselves and appreciate the full value of the Malaysian model. There were also many measures on the downside, such as the wastage in resources and inappropriateness of some of the rescue operations, especially in the big companies. These situations were heavily criticized at the time as cases of favouritism and cronyism and as a waste of public funds. In the past two years, Nor Mohamed played an important role in his position as Economic Advisor to the Prime Minister to rearrange the structure, ownership and management of several of the companies, and therefore helped in providing a better image to Malaysian citizen and corporate companies. The Malaysian crisis management strategy was the effect not only of one or two people but a team led by Tun Mahathir and comprising Ministers, the National Economic Action Council and its secretariat, and the key government agencies and Ministries. The Economic Advisor of Prime Minister, Nor Mohamed played a vital role mainly in the elements that involve the currency and the selective capital controls. For the public and citizen of Malaysia, they expect that the capabilities owned by Prime Minister and his team have higher potential and expectations that heir skills will be well used to properly leading the finances and economy of the country for the betterment in the future. What Can we Learnt from the Financial Crisis in 1997-2000 Despite of having the worst area of financial during 1997-2000, Malaysian citizen should be very thankful regarding the best decision made by the most powerful man of the country; the Prime Minister. If we can go back to the past, we can easily define the risk taking by our Prime Minister those days, Tun Dr Mahathir Bin Mohamad was a suicidal mission. Most of the countries that affected by the financial crisis will definitely seek for financial help and financial recommendations from IMF as they have no more idea. However, in Malaysias’ situation, we actually created a new solution that backs the roles of IMF itself. During those days, IMF was known and defined as the only solution that they have. For us, to be a leader for our country, determination and risk taking is ultimately important. Other than that, talking about lesson learn, especially in term of economic, the currency rate, and stock exchange do act as key roles for some country to excel in business and financial management. Nowadays, the country that not manipulate their currency itself and hoping 100% on IMF have a slow economic development. That is the only thing that makes us, as a Malaysian proud of our forth Prime Minister, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. References 1. http://www. treasury. gov. my/index. php? ption=com_contentview=articleid=885%3Athe-financial-crisis-of-1997-1998-by-nor-mohamed-yakcopcatid=53%3AucapanItemid=251lang=my Retrieved on 15th August 2011 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis Retrieved on 15th August 2011 3. http://www. irti. org/irj/go/km/docs/documents/IDBDevelopments/Internet/English/IRTI/CM/downloads/IES_Articles/Vol%209-2.. Zuabir%20Hasan.. The%201997-98%20Financial%20Crisis%20in%20Malaysia. pdf Retrieved on 16th August 2011 . Kaufman, GG. , Krueger, TH. , Hunter, WC. (1999) The Asian Financial Crisis: Origins, Implications and Solutions. Springer. ISBN 0-7923-8472-5 Retrieved on 14th August 2011 5. http://www. twnside. org. sg/title2/gtrends1. htm Retrieved on 14th August 2011 [ 1 ]. http://www. irti. org/irj/go/km/docs/documents/IDBDevelopments/Internet/English/IRTI/CM/downloads/IES_Articles/Vol%209-2.. Zuabir%20Hasan.. The%201997-98%20Financial%20Crisis%20in%20Malaysia. pdf